ABSTRACT
Immunosenescence and inflammaging are two fundamental age-related changes substantially paving the way to accelerated aging, multidimensional frailty, and poor outcomes of several illnesses including COVID-19. A common misbelief is that immunosenescence and inflammaging, like other age-related changes, are exclusively detrimental. However, they are inserted in a highly complex landscape of physiological changes occurring with increasing age at the biomolecular, organismal, psychosocial, and functional level. The understanding of this complex picture is fundamental to develop strategies aimed at maintaining robustness. Groundbreaking descriptions of frailty paved the way to successful interventions to maintain and restore robustness. To date, frailty is well established as the very core of geriatric medicine, going far beyond multimorbidity and chronological age.